Control room Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Control room - Movie Review Example As they say, there are always two sides of the story, so it is important for me to listen not just to one opinion and make my own opinion based on that of one group’s point of view. I have always believed that the things I see on television are presented as they are but watching the film, I have come to realize that indeed, we are all humans after all so that even professionals bend their ethical views to favor there personal views. The media is expected to be objective at all times as they are supposed to present facts to the people and how they perceive the circumstances they are reporting about but as Joanne Tucker, the manager of AlJazeera.net said, objectivity is almost a mirage. One cannot really get away from taking sides especially in a case like the war in Iraq because it is a global issue that affects lives, not to mention the lives of civilians and most especially, the lives of innocent children. The video has shown that everyone has his or her own propaganda in suc h chaos. While we would all want peace and order, wars break out because of personal agendas of wanting to be the hero, wanting to be at the top and having all the power and fame. Presidents aim for peace and unity with another aim of being a part of a great cause which could be understandable because they are humans. The media have the same objectives as well, wanting to unite the people with the facts they present yet to some extent fail in their cause, and we understand that again because they are humans. What could probably most unacceptable is the fact that the ordinary person on the street, the innocent ones, the helpless mothers and children in their homes are the real victims, the pawns in this game called war. The video may have caused me to think more critically of the news I watch from now on but it will never change my perceptions on who are the true winners and losers in the issues of war. People fight their fellow people. Regardless of cultural backgrounds, we are all still human beings and have to act as one and not like animals killing each other. In wars, there can never be winners but that we are all losers. Millions of dollars are spent for wars and millions of people die in the course and there will always be rage in our hearts even if we continue to try to live in peace. If our money and strength would have been directed to the higher cause of fighting the war against poverty, then we would all be winners, making others live rather than killed. Whatever the truth is behind all the explanations of all the groups of people interviewed, the fact that wars are a losing end, will always remain true to me. Behind the politicians’ agenda to gain power, honor and fame, they are not winners. Behind the media people’s agenda of prospering their network and being recognized to be the best, gaining as much trophies as they can to parade in their offices, there is no honor found in it because behind all these, the victims are us. Who will speak for the child who spoke for the good of his people, endangering his life by being used as a pawn only to get to the conscience of those concerned? Would you not call that as a losing end as I view it? The video is a presentation of the sides of the people or groups of people i

The Management Styles At Coca Cola Business Essay

The Management Styles At Coca Cola Business Essay Coca Cola is one of the leading manufacturer of the carbonated drinks all around the world . Over the past decades , the Coca Cola remained on the top of the industry . The company was able to withstand the World War II and even took it as the business opportunity rather than a liability . It was even able to surpass the Asian Financial Crisis and even gained better access in the markets that it was not able to fully enter . Coca Cola exhibited the efficient change management as the part of the strategic management process . Change management is the process in which it manages the change in the side of the people . Their individual change management and the organizational change management are the theories of the change management . Aside from the theories , there are also four strategies of the change management which are the Empirical rational , the normative reductive , power coercive and the environmental adaptive which the company has been successfully adopted but it is now faci ng major jolts in its business operations and the competitors are gaining the advantage out of the same . Based on the above case-let , analyse the position of the company with respect to : Coca-Cola Corporation Management Strategies with respect to its technological advancement in 21st centaury . Change in Information System due to changes in the world -wide market structures . ANSWER : Management Styles at Coca-Cola http://www.snre.umich.edu/sites/all/files/styles/blog_image/public/images/coca-cola_logo.jpg The success that the management team has in motivating its employees to meet their objectives is based on the management style they adopt . There are three main management styles democratic , autocratic and the laissez-faire style . The  democratic  leadership style  consists of the leader , sharing the  decision making  abilities with the group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing  social equality . The  authoritarian  leadership style  or  autocratic  leader  keeps strict , close control over the followers by keeping close regulation of the policys and procedures given to the  followers . To keep main emphasis on the distinction of the authoritarian leader and their followers , these types of the leaders make sure to only create a distinct  professional  relationship . The  laissez-faire  leadership style  was first introduced by the Lewin , Lippitt and White in 1938 , along with the autocratic leadership and the democratic leadership styles . The laissez faire style is sometimes described as the hands off leadership style because the leader delegates the tasks to their followers , while providing little or no direction to the followers . The North London Coca Cola branch has ethos or culture than is run in the laissez-faire style meaning the hands off approach . If the workers are meeting their KBI , Key Business Indicators , then the managers and the directors of the company take this relaxed style of coordinating their business . They have a vision to refresh everyone everyday and the values to take pride in their work , to be honest , fair and determined to win and have a passion for the action . With the same spirited investment as the worlds premier marketer and beverage industry leader for more than 118 years , Coca Cola are focused on the strategic workplace programs that help assure the success of our commitment to embracing the similarities and differences of the people , cultures and ideas . Diversity Advisory Council the Companys corporate Diversity Advisory Council consists of the representative group of employees from all the levels , functions and the business units of the organization . The Council develops recommendations for all the senior management on advancing the companys efforts , towards achieving our diversity objectives . Employee Forums Coca Cola believe that the sense of community enhances their ability to attract , retain and develop diverse talent and ideas as the source of competitive business advantage . In the United States , through employee forums , the employees can connect with the colleagues who share similar interests and backgrounds . In these forums and elsewhere , the employees support each others personal and the professional growth and enhance their individual and collective ability to contribute to the company . The success at Coca Cola is due to their laissez-faire culture and the culture is important because it can affect the people and the things to do with the business . If the culture of the business is not clear, it can affect the presence and the punctuality . This means that if Coca Cola had a firm and unfriendly culture , it could result in their staff not coming to work because of the poor working atmosphere , or they might not like the work they are given , so they either come in late or take the day of work . This would result in the business losing out on the work and have less time to call in for the replacement . The culture of the Coca Cola could have an affect on the industrial relations between the managers and the workers. So if the Coca Cola didnt have a warm and genial culture , it would cause more disagreements between the staff and the managers and the staff would not be motivated to work . For example staff may have to cut down on the rest days , this could cause arguments as all the staff would be tired from working everyday and would not have time to recover or time to relax down . However if the company had an inviting culture then the managers and the staff would get very well as the staff , would have less stress to compete with and would have the friendly environment to work in and the work could be done more efficiently . Team working is the sub culture within the Coca-Cola Company . Teams are accountable for the activities like :  · Quality  · Utilisation and  · Yield Within the system , there needs to be a balance of Utilisation , the speed the factory works at and the Yield . The Yield is the amount of raw materials lost or wasted . Teams also vary in the number and are lead by the team leader . A part of the culture and the management style in the Coca Cola Company in Edmonton , is its Employee Engagement . This consists of the following five points : * Realizations , delivery of the hard stuff is simply not enough . * Openly acknowledge this to the workforce . * Do what it takes to engage every employee in the space of 16 days . * Involved everyone in the design of the management style consistent with our vision and the values . * Identified talented individuals across the operation act as the internal facilitators to train out the new behavioral standards . On the factory floor at the Coca Cola , there is an autocratic system of the management where the employees are controlled by the managers and follow their procedures . There are also the elements of the democracy by the team work and uniform . Employees of the company all wear the same uniform , even if they are a manager , a director or a team leader . This means that there is no demarcation and there is the same uniform for the each level of the hierarchy , so nobody feels intimidated . The CCE have also adopted a Quality Culture and to maintain the quality within their products , they have the TQM department . This means the Total Quality Management where they have the staff , who deals with the quality of the Coca Cola . TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT AT COCA COLA http://www.mobile-ent.biz/cimages/05dc7b5069fb141e89bda2d6ccd00217.jpg Over the past decade , the Coca Cola Company has invested around $60 million in the research and development to advance the use of the climate friendly , hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) free cooling technologies . HFC gas is the well known contributor to our planets global warming . The Company has improved their energy efficiency of the cooling equipment by around 40% , transitioned to HFC free insulation foam for the new equipment , eliminating around 75% of the direct GHG emissions and is phasing out the use of HFCs in all the new cold-drink equipment as of 2015, with more than 500,000 units of the HFC free refrigerated equipment already in use throughout the Coca Cola system . In the bottling plants , the Coca Cola has stabilized the emissions system wide and is working to return to the 2004 levels , while also achieving the 5% absolute emissions reduction below the 2004 baseline in the developed countries by 2015 , with the commitment to grow their business without growing the carbon in its manufacturing operations . Till date , the Coca Cola system has improved its energy efficiency of the global manufacturing operations by around 14% since 2004 . In 2010 the global greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacturing were reduced by around 2% , even as the sales volume increased by 5% . The emissions reductions can also be realized outside of the plant walls where the Coca Cola operates the largest heavy duty hybrid electric delivery fleets in North America with more than around 700 hybrid electric delivery trucks on the road . These trucks reduce fuel and the emissions by nearly 30% . There also are more than 800 light duty hybrid vehicles deployed in North America for the sales representatives . The Company also participates in the consumer facing cause campaigns related to the climate protection measures . In 2011 , with long-term conservation partner WWF the Coca Cola Company helped launch the Arctic Home , the largest cause marketing initiative ever executed by the Company or WWF . Active in the US and Canada , the campaign aimed to raise the widespread awareness and the funds to help protect the polar bear and its habitat . On related fronts , the climate change will alter the amount of available fresh water , further increasing demand for this critical natural resource . The sustainability of the Coca Cola Company products depends on the reliable access to the sources of water , as water is the main ingredient in every product the Company makes . It also is critical to the agricultural ingredients for its beverages . The Company set a global goal is to safely return to the nature and communities an amount of water equivalent to what is used in its beverages and their production by 2020 . To achieve this goal , the Coca Cola is focused on reducing its water use ratio , while increasing the product volume , recycling the water used in the manufacturing processes and returning it to the environment at the level that supports the aquatic life and replenishing or offsetting the water used in the finished beverages by participating in locally relevant community water projects . The Company is also working in innovative the ways to prevent waste over the life of its packaging . In 2009 , the Company launched PlantBottle packaging , the first ever fully recyclable PET plastic beverage bottle made partially from the plants . In 2011 , the Company introduced more than 6 billion PlantBottle packages in the 20 markets , helping save the equivalent annual emissions of around 100,000 metric tons of the carbon dioxide . By 2020 , the Companys goal is to use the Plant Bottle packaging for all of its PET plastic bottles . INNOVATION AT COCA COLA http://www.cleanmpg.com/photos/data/501/Coca-Cola_Products_-_soon_in_more_environemtally_friendly_bottle.jpg Coca Cola has been able to survive in the this changing market because of its ability to systematically innovate and to deliver the new products . It was apparent that the market was changing and in order to keep up with these changes , the Coca Cola had to move from the single core product to the total beverage company . The company began operating in the decentralized environment that was unfeasible in the previous years . Now the Coca Cola offers around 400 different products and is dominating the beverage industry . This is made possible by the companys ability to innovate and adapt to the changing markets . Globalization : Technology is continually changing the business and these constant changes have been making it more feasible and profitable for the businesses to expand their operations globally . Now the Coca Cola is taking the advantage of the large revenue opportunities , made possible by participating in the global market and it now offers products in nearly 200 countries around the world . TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS : Technological Analysis for the Coca-Cola : Technological change creates the opportunities for the new products and product improvements and of course the new marketing techniques . Some factors that cause companys actual results to differ materially from the expected results are as follows : The new technology of the internet and television which use special effects for the advertising through the media. They make some products look very attractive . This helps in the selling of the products . Introduction of the cans and the plastic bottles have increased sales for the Coca Cola as these are very easier to carry and one can easily bin them once they are used . Due to the introduction of these machineries , the production of the Coca Cola company has been increased vastly then it was a few years ago . The Coca Cola has started the operations of its RD facility in India , with a view of localizing its product portfolio . The major focus would be on the non carbonated drinks and the flavours . The companys RD team has already rolled out the drinks such as Maaza aam panna and also athe Maaza mango milk drink and is also exploring the options to enter some new categories in India such as the juices in the localised flavours , energy drinks , sports drinks and the flavoured water . These initiatives are taken by the company to further expand their product portfolio . With the increasing importance of the 360 degree media tools and the overall ad spend on the social media sets likely to grow by around 44% , the Coca Cola has increased its ad spend on the internet . The case in point is the recent 2009 Sprite campaign , which was first launched on the internet .

A Saxon Noble serves King William the First :: Papers

A Saxon Noble serves King William the First About twenty years ago I made my submission to William of Normandy when I saw that we Saxons could no longer resist the rule of William and his knights and men-at-arms; they were simply too strong and well organized to be effectively resisted. My friend Hereward, known as the Wake, held out of for eight years in the Isle of Ely, in the Fens but then even he had to submit. I realised that if we Saxon nobles continued to resist we would lose our land, our animals, our crops, our houses and possibly our lives. Several of the Saxon lords in Yorkshire and Northumbria had all their land laid waste and the peasantry who served them barely survived and many died from starvation. They called it the Harrying of the North. That showed just how ruthless William could be. In the year 1069 we seven gesiths of Warwickshire and the West Country held council together to decide what we should do. We decided not to play heroics since that would be like sentencing most of the geneats, geburs and kotsetlas to starvation and death. These were our people; they depended on us. We seven gesiths decided to go to William’s court together and discuss terms. William was surprisingly generous to us, although he did insist that we should all pay homage to him and give him whatever service he would demand. For example he wanted our help in bringing criminals to justice and he also wanted us each to raise a troop of knights and men-at-arms to give him military service when he needed it. He wanted provisions too from our estates. He re-organized some of our estates, taking away some of our lands for his Norman, Poitevin and Angevin knights, but giving us other land in its place. This had the effect of mixing our Saxon ruling class with the new foreign ruling class of Normans and others. I didn’t particularly like this but I couldn’t see any alternative.

Museum Paper

The purpose of this paper is to visit The Metropolitan Museum of Art and write a reaction paper about art works at the museum based on my impressions about them. To begin, I will start by giving you a little of background information about this interesting museum. The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 by a group of American citizens. It opened on February 20, 1872 and was originally located at 681 on Fifth Avenue. Also known as â€Å"The Met†, the museum is located on the eastern edge of Central Park in New York City. It has a permanent collection containing more than two million works of art.The main building of the Met is one of the world’s largest art galleries. The museum permanent collection includes art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from nearly all of the European masters and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met also maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine, and Is lamic art. The museum is also home of encyclopedic collections musical instruments, costumes and accessories and antique weapons and armor from around the world.As of today, The Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet. When I went to the museum I was amazed by it size. It’s a huge building. It has so many steps at the main entrance and you almost can’t walk because so many people are seating at the steps. It is incredible how many people go to the museum. I was surprise. I didn’t think so many people were going to be there from so many places from the city and all across the world. You cannot walk without bumping another person. It is very interesting seeing and learning about all the arts and sculptures you see in there.I saw a â€Å"Bone Doll† that I found very interesting because it was made with bones incised with schematic anatomical feature formed from a series of geometric shapes and has short arms. Th ere are more elaborate examples that have hair. I also saw a mummy with an inserted panel portrait of a youth from Hawara a part of Egypt. His downy moustache indicates that he was no older than his twenties. I found a Seated Statue of the monarch Idu II Dendera funny because to look at the statue you have to look through a rectangular hole that is in the wall. I think that also makes people curious to look, to see what’s inside there.I didn’t like the painting â€Å"The Man of Sorrows† by Michele Giambono because the man in the painting was bleeding real badly. It was an image of Saint Francis receiving the stigmata with a figure of Christ as the man of sorrows. The painting was done using tempera and gold on wood. I liked the painting of Girolamo dai Libri called â€Å"Madona and Child with Saints† because it was a very peaceful environment. Tempera and oil on canvas was used in the painting. The drawing â€Å"A Hunting Scene† is a very interesti ng painting but I didn’t like it because too much violence was involved. The whole drawing is base on killing.Tempera and oil transferred to masonite were used. The drawing â€Å"Hercules and Achelous† is very interesting because Hercules is fighting Achelous who transformed himself into a bull in order to fight Hercules for the favors of Deianeira. In the struggle, one of his horn snapped off and Nymphs filled it with flowers and fruits creating the Cornucopia, Horn of Plenty. In conclusion, I will talk about the most interesting place in the entire museum for me, The Temple of Dendur. It’s amazing how beautiful this place is. At the entrance, you encounter yourself with two big statues that make it looks like if they were guards of the temple.It also has a very interesting pool aria as part of a landscape of the temple. It’s very beautiful and it gives another look to the temple. At the center, they have two little buildings that you go inside and look at them, and around, they have these kind of benches that you can seat and rest if you have been a while in the museum because trust me, you will get tired. The museum is so big and interesting that you just want to see every little corner like I did. I recommend people to take some time and visit the Met museum because it’s worth going to.

Explore F.Scotts Fitzgeralds presentation of class and wealth in The Great Gatsby and The Diamond as Big as the Ritz

Wealth and social class permeate much of F. Scott Fitzgerald's ‘The Great Gatsby' and ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz'. Set during the roaring twenties when many people had newly accumulated wealth after the war, both texts seek to explore and satirise the complexities of wealth and social class. They particularly focus on how far people may go to fit into a social class or protect their fortune. Despite ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz' being set within the fantasy genre, elements of Fitzgerald's own life run as undercurrents throughout both texts. Fitzgerald's life features heavily in the texts, be it through the characterisation of Nick and Gatsby or the underlying references to his personal experiences. The experiences of the main protagonists' form parallels with Fitzgerald's interactions with the wealthy, both at Princeton and Great Neck and in his relationship with Zelda. ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz' satirises the exuberant wealth experienced by Fitzgerald when visiting a Princeton classmate. ‘The Great Gatsby' on the other hand, is more reliant on aspects of Fitzgerald's own life which forms the emotional foundation of the novel. Gatsby's relationship with Daisy mirrors Fitzgerald's turbulent relationship with Zelda who much like Daisy, was regarded as being incredibly materialistic. Gatsby can therefore be seen as a representing Fitzgerald's pursuit of sufficient wealth to support an aristocratic love interest. He does this to the detriment of his artistic integrity which he compromised by writing short stories to fund Zelda's opulent lifestyle. This is mirrored by Gatsby compromising his integrity and personal worth by bootlegging and lying about being the ‘son of some wealthy people in the Middle-West', in order to please Daisy and hopefully gain acceptance. He fails in both these areas. In integrating elements of his personal life, Fitzgerald may be implying that loving someone of a different social class comes with compromises and that one may lose sight of who they are in the process. ‘The Great Gatsby' by virtue of its representations of wealth and class can be seen as a running criticism of the American Dream and America's obsession with wealth amidst the hedonistic culture of the 1920's. The American Dream had originally been founded on the notion that anyone, irrespective of their background could achieve anything in the ‘land of opportunity' if they worked hard enough. Fitzgerald however, believed that the American Dream was just an ‘illusion' and that it had been corrupted by the of pursuit wealth. He consistently challenged the idea of the achievability of the American Dream in ‘The Great Gatsby'. The geographical motifs of East and West Egg embody just how unachievable the American Dream is. This geographical separation may symbolise the hypothetical and literal divides between the nouveau riche who reside in West Egg and aristocrats of East egg, consequently highlighting how they will forever lead separate existences. This gives the impression of the American Dream being highly flawed, as having acquired great wealth does not translate into acceptance for the people of West Egg, who are seen as the social subordinates of the aristocrats of East Egg. This is further established by the behaviour of the guests at Gatsby's party. The people of West Egg lack the refinement, grace and manners of their aristocratic counterparts for whom these traits form the rudiments of their social class. This consequently demonstrates how East and West Egg are separated by more than geographical distance but also by simple things such as social etiquette and fashion choices. Jordan's party (who consist of fellow East Eggers) are ‘spread around a table on the outside of the garden' ‘carefully on guard', emphasising that even within the intimate confines of the party the divide is still apparent and the people of East Egg are reluctant to mix. The corruption of the American Dream is further explored through the main protagonists' initial amazement and delight (early on in the text) at the great wealth they encounter. Fitzgerald employs a myriad of symbolisms, metaphors and similes to depict the sheer luxury and over exuberance of the aristocrats within both texts. Through these devices he is able to satirise the materialistic world the aristocrats inhabit, making it appear outlandish. In ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz' John Unger, a boy from Hades with ‘meager standards of living' is ‘amused and delighted', by the luxurious lifestyle Percy and his family lead. When he arrives with Percy they are driven in what Percy dismissively calls a ‘buggy'. However, the reader can extrapolate from John's reaction at the ‘thousand minute tapestries of silk, woven with jewels' that the vehicle is far from an old buggy. In this instance John's amazement may have been employed to paradox Percy's dismissive attitude towards wealth as he refers to the luxurious car as ‘old junk'. Fitzgerald may have used this paradox highlight the hollow nature of the wealthy, whose lives are fueled by consumerism to the extent that they place little value to the possessions everyone else would deem as extraordinary. In ‘The Great Gatsby', Nick is also amazed by the wealth he experiences at the Buchanan home. His first interaction with Daisy and Jordon has a dream like quality to it. When he meets the women they are dressed in white, ‘their dresses rippling and fluttering †¦ a short flight around the house' this gives the women an angelic quality which hints at how Nick is initially drawn in by their great wealth. This surreal and dream like quality of wealth is also reflected in ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz' with the depiction of the girl who is dressed like ‘Titania'. In the play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Titania is the queen of the fairies which Fitzgerald may have used to allude to the magical and mystifying qualities of wealth present within both texts. Conversely, the amazement the main protagonists' initially showcased soon dissipates when they discover the corruptive nature of wealth and the wealthy. Despite the people of East Egg possessing an abundance of grace, elegance and taste (that comes with adhering to the norms of aristocratic society) they lack compassion. The East Eggers are presented as little more than bullies who use their money to alleviate any concerns they have, irrespective of who they hurt in the process. This morally corrupt nature of the rich is explored through the Buchanan's in ‘The Great Gatsby' and the Washingtons' in ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz'. The Buchanans' are presented as ‘careless people' who ‘smash[ed] things up' only to retreat back into ‘their vast carelessness'. Their lack of moral fiber is further emphasised when instead of attending Gatsby's funeral they move into a house far away. Fitzgerald may have used the Buchanans' as a moral didactic for the readers to illustrate how wealth can corrupt when one allows themself to become consumed by it. On the other hand, it could represent the unfair nature of capitalist societies whereby the wealthy upper-class can afford to pay for peace of mind. This conflicts with Gatsby whom despite accumulating his wealth through criminality is kind and loving, keeping watch outside Daisy's window to insure Tom does not hurt her, consequently illustrating that wealth alone does not corrupt but when coupled with high social status it can have disastrous effects. Moreover, in both texts religion (which is supposed to strengthen ones moral compass) has been replaced by consumerism. Atrocious things are carried out in the name of wealth in the texts, including murder and imprisonment. These things are written off as a natural pre-requisite of success and expansion. Here Fitzgerald argues that wealth can be its own prison blinding its pursuers, dehumanizing them to the extent that they devalue human life and assume that everyone can be bought. Fitzgerald satirizes the absurd nature of the rich when Mr. Washington tries ‘offering a bribe to God' with a voice immersed in ‘inextinguishable pride'. Ross Posnock, a Marxist writer, praised Fitzgerald in his essay ‘A New World, Material Without Being real' for his presentation of the capitalist society in ‘The Great Gatsby'1. Posnock believed that Fitzgerald had captured the capitalist society's obsession with material wealth and how it leads to people being regarded as little more than object that can be acquired along with capital in order to boost ones social status. Gatsby's vast wardrobe is a ‘heavy defensive wall' consisting of ‘thick silk' and ‘expensive dye' which support the Marxist view of material possessions providing a barrier against hardship which the rich can hide behind. For Gatsby, and many others, material possessions help to protect their status in the same way the ‘invisible cloak' of Gatsby's army uniform had hidden his lower class status when he first met Daisy. In general, the negative portrayal of consumerism in his work has made him very popular with Marxist writers. In conclusion, Fitzgerald uses ‘The Great Gatsby' and ‘The Diamond as Big as Ritz' to highlight the negative elements of wealth and class, whilst particularly emphasising that class roles will never be crossed. Both texts highlight the potential hazards of capitalist societies when one becomes consumed by materialism, placing greater importance on monetary fortune and status than the consequences of their actions. Although Fitzgerald presents both wealth and class in negative lights he reminds the reader that wealth alone does not give way to moral corruption hinting that it is wealth in conjunction with high social class that leads to the decaying of one's moral compass.

Definition and Examples of Delivery in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Delivery in Rhetoric One of the five traditional parts or canons of rhetoric , concerned with the control of voice and gestures when giving a speech. Known as hypocrisis in Greek and actio in Latin. Etymology:  From the Latin  de  away   liber  free (to give away) Pronunciation:  di-LIV-i-ree Also Known  As:  actio,  hypocrisis Examples and Observations of Delivery It should not be surprising that it was professional actors who gave a special impetus to a study of delivery, for all the spell-binding orators in history (men like Demosthenes, Churchill, William Jennings Bryan, Bishop Sheen, Billy Graham) have been, in a sense, great actors.  (Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999)[Aristotle] compares rhetorical delivery to theatrical performance and emphasizes the effect of delivery on different audiences; the effectiveness and appropriateness of delivery make a speech successful or not.  (Kathleen E. Welch, Delivery. Enclopedia, 2001) of RhetoricAll these parts of oratory succeed according as they are delivered. Delivery . . . has the sole and supreme power in oratory; without it, a speaker of the highest mental capacity can be held in no esteem; while one of moderate abilities, with this qualification, may surpass even those of the highest talent.  (Cice ro, De Oratore) Before you can persuade a man into any opinion, he must first be convinced that you believe it yourself. This he can never be, unless the tones of voice in which you speak come from the heart, accompanied by corresponding looks, and gestures, which naturally result from a man who speaks in earnest. (Thomas Sheridan, British Education, 1756)The behavioral biologists and psychologists call [delivery] nonverbal communication and have added immeasurably to our knowledge of this kind of human expressivity. (Richard Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd ed., 1991) Senator John McCain's Delivery [John] McCain moves awkwardly through complex phrases, sometimes surprising himself with the end of a sentence. He regularly leaves his audience without any cues to applaud. Despite years in public life, he makes bumpy transitions from personal anecdotes to broad policy pronouncements... McCain needs all the help he can get, said Martin Medhurst, a communications professor at Baylor University and the editor of Rhetoric and Public Affairs, a quarterly journal... Such a weak delivery affects viewers’and voters’perceptions of the speaker’s sincerity, knowledge, and credibility, Medhurst said. Some politicians just don’t understand that they must devote a certain amount of time to their communications, or it’s going to hurt them. (Holly Yeager, McCain Speeches Dont Deliver. The Washington Independent, Apr. 3, 2008) Regendering Delivery [A]lthough the physical and vocal concerns of delivery initially appear relevant to all public speakers, closer scrutiny of the canon soon reveals masculinist biases and assumptions. Delivery has not pertained equally to both men and women because, for millennia, women were culturally prohibited from standing and speaking in public, their voices and forms acceptable only in the spectator role (if at all). Thus, women were systematically discouraged from the very actions that constitute delivery, a matter unrecognized in the traditional fifth canon. . . . Indeed, I would argue that when researchers attention is focused too narrowly on the voice, gesture, and expression of the good woman speaking well, much that is germane to her delivery is overlooked. Clearly, the traditional fifth canon is in need of renovation. (Lindal Buchanan, Regendering Delivery: The Fifth Canon and Antebellum Women Rhetors. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005)

What are the largest expense categories incurred by health care service organizations Essays

What are the largest expense categories incurred by health care service organizations Essays What are the largest expense categories incurred by health care service organizations Essay What are the largest expense categories incurred by health care service organizations Essay In opinion, one of the biggest expenses for medical facilities is unpaid services. Costs occurred from patients that are unpaid privately or not fully reimbursed from insurance companies would be one of the biggest expenses incurred in health care services. Another expense that is high on the list of expenses for health care services would be equipment and personnel. Health care personal have high salaries as well as costs for additional training and tuition reimbursement if the health care facility participates in such programs. Equipment also can cost in the tens of thousands of dollars to over a million to buy the equipment, depending on the equipment. Then there is the training for the personnel operating it, the maintenance on the equipment and anything else having to do with each specific piece. A medical facility has costs no matter what it is they do. The overhead costs, which includes the operating of the building, the salaries of the personnel in the building and anything that has to do with that account for much of the expenses incurred in health care facilities along with services rendered. What are the titles and functions of the four financial statements usually included in an audited financial report? The four basic financial statements include the balance sheet, the statement of revenue and expense, the statement of fund balance or net worth, and the statement of cash flows. The balance sheet records what an organization owes and what it is worth if for profit organization and uses fund balance rather than equity for nonprofit organizations. Like the name suggests the balance sheet balances finances in the organization. It is stated at a particular point in time. It displays the total of assets of he organization and the total of what the organization owes. That is its liabilities and its net worth (fund balance). This can be visualized as Assets- Liabilities- Net worth/ Fund balance. The statement of revenue and expense covers a point in time rather than one single date or point in time. The concepts shows that revenue, or inflow, less expenses , or outflow, result in an excess of revenue to expenses if the year has been good, or an excess of expenses over revenue resulting in a loss if the year has been bad, The formula for a condenses statement of revenue and expense would be: operating revenue- operating expenses=operating income. A statement of changes in fund balance/net worth is linked to the previous financial reports. The excess of revenue flows back into equity or fund balance through the statement of fund balance/ net worth. The statement of cash flows deals a lot with accrual basis accounting. For example, Depreciation is recognized within each year as an expense, but it does not represent a cash expense. This is a concept that now enters into the statement of cash flows. The fourth major report- the statement of cash flows- interlocks with the other three major reports. (Baker Baker, 2011).

Creating a Vertical Coherence for English Curriculum

Creating a Vertical Coherence for English Curriculum Every high school student in every state must take English classes. The number of English credits required for a high school diploma may differ according to legislation  state by state. Regardless of the number of required credits, the subject of English is defined in the Glossary of Education Reform as  a core course of study: A core course of study  refers to a series or selection of courses that all students are required to complete before they can move on to the next level in their education or earn a diploma.   Most states have adopted requirements of four years of English classes, and in many  states,  the local school boards may adopt additional graduation requirements beyond those mandated by the state. Most schools will design their four year English course of study so that it has a vertical coherence or a progression from year to year. This vertical coherence allows curriculum writers the opportunity to prioritize learning, so that  what students learn in one lesson, course,  or grade level prepares them for the next lesson, course or grade level. The following descriptions provide a general overview of how four years of English is organized.   Grade 9: English I English I  is traditionally offered as a survey course that serves as an introduction for the rigors of high school reading and writing. As freshmen, students participate in the writing process by  constructing thesis  statements and  writing essays  in multiple genres (argumentative, explanatory, informational). Students in grade 9 should be explicitly taught how  to research a topic using valid sources and how to use valid sources in an organized manner as evidence in making a claim. In all written responses, students are be expected to be familiar with  specific  grammar rules  (ex: parallel structure, semicolons, and colons) and their application in writing. Students also learn both academic and content-specific  vocabulary.  In order to participate in both  conversations and collaborations, students should  be prepared to speak and listen  daily in class based on the activity (small group work, class discussions, debates).  Ã‚   The literature selected for the course represents multiple genres (poems, plays, essays, novels, short stories). In their analysis of literature, students are expected to look closely at how the authors choices of literary elements have contributed to the authors purpose. Students develop skills in close reading in both fiction and nonfiction. Close reading skills should be developed so that students can use these skills with informational texts in other disciplines. Grade 10: English II The vertical coherence established in the curriculum for English I should build on the major principles of writing in multiple genres. In English II, students should  continue  to focus on the skill sets for formal writing using the writing process (prewriting, draft, revision, final draft, editing, publishing). Students can expect that they will be required to present information orally. They will also learn more about correct research techniques. The literature offered in grade 10 could be selected based on a theme such as  Coming of Age or  Conflict and Nature. Another format that may be used in selecting the literature may  be  horizontal coherence, where  the texts selected are designed to complement or be associated with another sophomore-level course such as social studies or science. In this arrangement, the literature for English II may include selections from world literature texts that may be  horizontally coherent  with social studies coursework in global studies or world history course. For example, students may read All Quiet on the Western Front while studying World War I. Students continue to focus on increasing their comprehension skills by analyzing both informational and literary texts. They also examine an authors use of literary devices and the effect an authors choice has on the whole work. Finally, in grade 10, students continue to expand (at minimum  500 words annually for each year in high school)  their academic and  content-specific  vocabulary. Grade 11: English III In English III, the focus may be on American studies. This focus on a particular literary study will provide  teachers another opportunity for horizontal  coherence,  in which  the literature  selected may complement or be  associated with materials for required social studies coursework in American history or civics. Students may be expected to successfully complete a research paper this year in English or in another discipline, such as science.  Students continue to work on their formal forms of written expression in multiple genres (EX: personal essays as preparation for the college essay). They should understand and apply the standards of English, including the use of the hyphen. In grade 11, students practice speaking and listening to conversations and collaborations. They should have the opportunities to apply their  understanding of rhetorical style and devices.  Students will be expected to analyze informational and literary texts  in multiple genres (poems, plays, essays, novels, short stories) and critically evaluate how an authors style contributes to the authors purpose.   Students in the junior year may choose to select a course in Advanced Placement English Language and Composition  (APLang) that could replace English III. According to the College Board, the AP Lang course prepares students to read and comprehend rhetorically and topically diverse texts. The course prepares students to identify, apply, and finally evaluate the use of rhetorical devices in texts. In addition, a course at this level requires that students synthesize information from multiple texts in order to write a well-organized argument. Grade 12: English IV English IV  marks the culmination of a students English course experience after thirteen years from kindergarten to grade 12. The organization of this course may be the most flexible of all high school English classes as a multi-genre survey course or on a specific genre of literature (ex: British Literature). Some schools may choose to offer a senior project selected by a student to showcase a set of skills. By grade 12, students are expected to have mastered the ability to analyze various forms of literature including informational texts, fiction, and poetry. Seniors can demonstrate their ability to write both formally and informally as well as the ability to speak individually or in collaborations as part of college and/or career ready 21st Century skills.   AP English Literature and Composition may be offered as an elective (in grade 11 or 12).  Again, according to the College Board, As they read, students should consider a works structure, style, and themes, as  well as such smaller-scale elements as the use of  figurative language, imagery, symbolism, and tone. Electives Many schools may choose to offer English elective courses for students to take in addition to their core English coursework. Elective credits may or  may not serve for English credits required for a diploma. Most colleges encourage students to take the required core classes, which may or may not include electives, and college admission officers generally look for a student to complete academic requirement before expressing their interests through electives. Electives  introduce students to a completely new subject to challenge themselves and stay motivated throughout high school.  Some of the more traditional elective offerings in English include: Journalism: This course exposes students to the basic concepts of reporting and non-fiction writing. Students work with various article formats. Journalistic ethics and bias in reporting are generally included. Students write news to develop and improve their writing in a variety of styles and formats. Journalism is often offered with a school newspaper or media platform.Creative Writing:  Ã‚  Either through assignments or independently, students participate in creative writing to write fiction, narratives, using  description  and dialogue. Works by established authors may be read and discussed as models for student writing. Students may complete  in-class  writing  exercises and  comment on each others  creative  work.Film and Literature: In this course, students may explore texts to their film versions to analyze the narrative and artistic decisions of the writers and directors and to better understand the art of storytelling and its purposes.   English Curriculum and the Common Core While the curriculum for high school English is not uniform or standardized state by state, there have recently been efforts through the  Ã‚  Common Core State Standards  (CCSS) to identify a set of specific  grade-level skills that students should develop in reading, writing, listening and speaking. The CCSS  have heavily influenced what is taught in all disciplines.  According to the introduction page of the literacy standards, students should be asked: ....to read stories and literature, as well as more complex texts that provide facts and background knowledge in areas such as science and social studies. Forty-two of the fifty U.S. states adopted the Common Core State Standards. Seven years later, a number of these states have since repealed or are actively planning to repeal the standards. Regardless, all secondary school level English classes are similar in their design to promote the skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening needed for success beyond school.

Statistic & conclution Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistic & conclution - Statistics Project Example An explanation for this may be the quality of health care in these states, which in 2007 all ranked among the bottom in a nationwide survey of healthcare quality (Arnst). American Samoa, which has an average of 94.2 out of 100,000, nearly double of the American national average, supports this conclusion to the extent that it lacks much of the modern medical infrastructure belonging to the continental states. Another statistical point of interest with potential policy implications is the data related to suicide rates relative to states. Nationally, the average is 11.3 per 100,000 people; however, in Alaska, the rate is 22.1 (195%), in New Mexico, the rate is 20.4 (180%), in Wyoming, the rate is 19.7 (174%), and in Montana, the rate is 19.4 (171%). Not coincidentally, in 2010, those states ranked 50th (1.2 inhabitants per square mile), 45th (17.0), 49th (5.8) and 48th (6.8) respectively in population density (U.S. Census Bureau). The significance of that correlation is that smaller population density seems to be directly correlated with a higher than average suicide rate. Although all states generally and understandably active try to prevent suicide, these figures seem to suggest that suicide is a more prevalent threat to individuals living in relative isolation from one another in Western states. In contrast to some data in the literature that suggests suicide rates are paired with high rates of population density, such as in work put forward by Saunderson and Langford, it may be the case that low population density is positively correlated with suicide. Saunderson, Thomas R. and Ian H. Langford. "A study of the geographical distribution of suicide rates in England and Wales 1989-92 using empirical bayes estimates." Social Science & Medicine, 43 (1996):

Eco-Design's Cultural Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eco-Design's Cultural Context - Essay Example All these factors have merged together to enforce a more compliant design of built environments and human processes. This paper will present the cultural context of â€Å"eco design† or ecological design as presented by Ken Yeang and other proponents of green or eco design. Discussion Ecological design emerged from the threat of industrialism as towns turn to cities and populations exploded. Social problems escalated as natural resources become depleted or damaged beyond repair. This called for emergency actions that pushed considerations for life outside of the earth. An early advocate for ecological design was African ecologist John Phillips who coined â€Å"the biotic community† as a holistic approach to ecology (1968, 17). It further provided links between individual actions and the dynamics of an entire biotic community. Philips introduced the holistic approach to architects and planners and the need to include ecology and all forms of life in their designs. It was said that Ian McHarg who wrote Design with Nature (1969) was influenced by Phillips and the lectures of Walter Gropius in Harvard who warned his students of the human greed that has interfered with the biological cycle of human community and the organic social structure (29). Gropius told his students to â€Å"love and respect the land almost religiously,† (Gropius, 1945, p20). He stressed that humans must act appropriately for survival and as true agent in evolution. Phillips enumerated the causes of the ecological crisis as the reckless laissez-faire economy, individualism, Western capitalist greed, chaotic urbanization, fragmentation of social structures, and lack of planning. His proposal was the oriental approach: non-anthropocentric, implicit but orderly planning, and respect for the biotic community. From here, McHarg promoted science-based modernist architecture and planning that integrated respect for nature such as that of the Tennessee Valley Authority in a time w hen space exploration was the trend globally, linking the moon traveller’s perspective of the Earth as a whole and not the westernized compartmentalism. McHarg’s proposal was for a landscape design of an organic community of plants, insects, fish, animals and birds that would allow human consumption based on the self-sustained capacity of the capsule equivalent to the self-sustained cabin. It mandates an inventory of the environment with energy as the currency thereby determining limitations, allowable and prohibited changes, and determination of stability and instability (McHarg, 1968, 93). He advocated a need for designers and architects to fit in well with the ecological system through their landscapes and buildings with design adjusted on the basic human needs. Enlightened but guided by space explorations, the 1970s had ecological designers adopted space technologies, analytical tools, and ways of living for a respite from the doomed industrial society: space cabin -like structures that could allow men to survive once Earth has become a dead planet like Mars. It was an ecological future outside of Earth exemplified by closed, artificial, liveable environments in space (Anker, 2005, 529). By 1969, the New Alchemy inspired by McHarg was launched with the slogan, â€Å"To Restore the Lands, Protect the Seas, and Inform the Earth’

Discretion And The Criminal Justice Professionals Research Paper

Discretion And The Criminal Justice Professionals - Research Paper Example Therefore, researchers argue that the efforts on the part of security forces â€Å"unforeseen effects† on the privacy of citizens. Under such situations, if the police officers do not respect the value of privacy of citizens, their action will constitute the crossing of ethical boundaries. From the evidence evaluated during the course of this research, it has transpired that law enforcement officers are bestowed the power discretion which offers them immense authority over the citizens of the US. Many police officers misuse this power for personal gains such as accepting bribes, favoring individuals by not reporting their crimes, inflicting harm on ethnic minorities, poking into the private lives of citizens etc. On the other hand, there is a need for the police officers to have such powers because of their role in protecting the safety of citizens and fighting the menace of terrorism. Terrorist activities across the world and especially in countries like the US and India are on the increase and, therefore, police officers need to be endowed with the authority to check vehicles, search home and private premises, arrest suspect or even shoot terrorists to prevent the escalation of violent terrorist activities. However, police officers should be professional in their actions while dealing with as well as codes of conduct and ensure that they do not cross ethical limits by violating citizens’ freedom. Thus, while tackling the issue of terrorism and other crimes, police officers need to adhere to ethical principles.

Democratic or Undemocratic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democratic or Undemocratic - Essay Example Congress and as well get a better idea as to what takes place within the Congress as well. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Basically the United States has three different branches of government, which are: legislative, executive, and judicial. Each of these different branches has its own features and works in its own separate way. Laws are able to evolve from the action of each branch however, and a legislative history will basically and generally trace its bill from its introduction into Congress through the legislative process. The conference committee is a committee of Congress which is considered as being incredibly major in the process of a bill being passed; the committee is appointed by the House of Representatives and Senate to resolve any disagreements on any particular bill. The first thing that happens when a bill is going to be passed has to do with these conference committees, and they only operate "after the House and the Senate have both passed different versions of a bill. Bills must be printed. Conference committees exist to negotiate a compromise bill that both houses can accept." (45) . Then, both houses of Congress must end up eventually passing the identical legislation in order for the bill to become a law, thus proving their extreme importance in this process overall.

Based on What you choose in Proverb list Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Based on What you choose in Proverb list - Essay Example Besides, the Bible has for generation been awarded the characteristic of being a holy book, which was written by people inspired by God. In the Bible, Solomon considerably is the wisest man alive. This being considered, it is only logical that the principles he articulates in the book about business are fundamental to any person who undertakes business ventures. In the book of proverbs, there are elements about business that touches on the various ideologies. These elements are such as money, how to conduct oneself in business and trade, the offering and accepting of bribes and the view of work. Solomon has denoted each of this work as being vital for one to experience success in business and has to be taken under keen consideration at all times. Apart from these elements, there are more principles that all are based on the ethics that any businessperson should consider when dealing with fellow businesspersons and customers. Money is the item that one exchanges for the benefit that could be a service or good. This element is vital in trade as it considerably determines what amount of services one gets or how many goods one could successfully purchase. In the book of proverbs, there are several ideologies from the verses about money according to Solomon. In the book of proverbs (17:16), Solomon articulates that money can be good and there are ways it could be a source of problems. Under this statement, Solomon has a vital point that comes across to any person that could want to establish business to earn some money. Money has the ability to end people’s problems in the sense that, using money, one could acquire whatever commodity he feels he is in need of, thus ending the sense of yearning for it. From the same statement, he denotes that money could also be the source of problems, shows that, money could land the same person who enjoys its benefits of it in trouble. The same verse in proverbs goes further stating that it is only when one is wise

Creative imagination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creative imagination - Essay Example However, the two philosophers’ approaches to Kant differ in several fundamentally different ways: while Singer presents Kantian ideas in fluid form, embedded in the context of a linear history developing the concept of the â€Å"aesthetic†, Warnock presents Kant analytically: developing Kantian ideas in a systematic, step-by-step fashion. In fact, these two approaches may be applied to the entireties of the two works. While Singer tries to build a narrative history for the reader, Warnock’s piece is much less designed for the non-philosopher. She presents difficult concepts in a linear fashion, and builds on them progressively to reach conclusions, whereas Singer embeds philosophical ideas into his logical edifice. Paying close attention to the way in which both accounts present Kant’s relation of imagination to the human production of art, we can see how well both approaches work in achieving the same end: understanding of what the aesthetic really is and how imagination is related to it. Mary Warnock begins her chapter on imagination’s relation to the aesthetic with a discussion of what David Hume had to say on the matter. She moves on to Kant’s Critique of Judgment, which is his seminal work in aesthetic philosophy. Warnock notes immediately the difficulty of assessing Kant’s message in the third Critique, which is ambivalent towards its overarching purpose, and she makes a sharp contrast between Hume and Kant, the latter having placed a much greater emphasis upon the world of reason and understanding. So, whereas Hume thought of an idea as a sensation, or a shallow impression, Kant saw it as a magnificent entity produced in the highest of faculties. Between reason and understanding lies judgment for Kant; the reflective judgment, Kant says, can be illustrated by both natural science and the aesthetic. In natural science, this judgment is only available when the scientist assumes finality in nature—that

Based on What you choose in Proverb list Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Based on What you choose in Proverb list - Essay Example Besides, the Bible has for generation been awarded the characteristic of being a holy book, which was written by people inspired by God. In the Bible, Solomon considerably is the wisest man alive. This being considered, it is only logical that the principles he articulates in the book about business are fundamental to any person who undertakes business ventures. In the book of proverbs, there are elements about business that touches on the various ideologies. These elements are such as money, how to conduct oneself in business and trade, the offering and accepting of bribes and the view of work. Solomon has denoted each of this work as being vital for one to experience success in business and has to be taken under keen consideration at all times. Apart from these elements, there are more principles that all are based on the ethics that any businessperson should consider when dealing with fellow businesspersons and customers. Money is the item that one exchanges for the benefit that could be a service or good. This element is vital in trade as it considerably determines what amount of services one gets or how many goods one could successfully purchase. In the book of proverbs, there are several ideologies from the verses about money according to Solomon. In the book of proverbs (17:16), Solomon articulates that money can be good and there are ways it could be a source of problems. Under this statement, Solomon has a vital point that comes across to any person that could want to establish business to earn some money. Money has the ability to end people’s problems in the sense that, using money, one could acquire whatever commodity he feels he is in need of, thus ending the sense of yearning for it. From the same statement, he denotes that money could also be the source of problems, shows that, money could land the same person who enjoys its benefits of it in trouble. The same verse in proverbs goes further stating that it is only when one is wise

Write on a current issue in child development Essay

Write on a current issue in child development - Essay Example uire immediate help from the government, non-governmental organizations and members of the society since everyone should play a role in cushioning children from the adverse and varied effects of homelessness. Homeless children live on the streets and make a living by either begging for money and food remnants from pedestrians or by scavenging for food in dustbins and dumpsites. The children face myriad stressful and traumatic conditions. The fact that the children are too young to comprehend such conditions causes them immense psychological and emotional stress. Among the basic effects of homelessness in children is the fact that it hampers their emotional and behavioral development. The children do not receive love and affection from anyone. As such, they systematically acquire wayward behaviors and tend to act aggressively to other members of the society. They face varied stressful conditions in their daily lives. They therefore accumulate the stress as they grow a feature that makes affects their ability to act rationally and impairs their ability to judge issues normally (Yumiko, nccp.org). Shelter is among the basic human needs. Failure to acquire shelter implies that such an individual cannot afford a number of other needs including healthcare. Homeless children face extreme cold both at night and in cold weather. They sleep in dump conditions especially in rainy weather. The exposure to such rough ecological conditions makes homeless children vulnerable to a number of medical conditions. They are likely to suffer from malnutrition owing to their irregular and unpredictable eating pattern. They are also likely to suffer from pneumonia among other ailments that arise from exposure to extreme weather conditions. Additionally, they are likely to suffer from cholera given the poor levels of hygiene in the streets. The impoverished state of such children makes it difficult for them to afford health care services. This implies that they are likely to

What Is Symbolic Interactionism Sociology Essay

What Is Symbolic Interactionism Sociology Essay The increased interest to the problem of communication in sociology of the 20 century actualized, in particular, importance of understanding each other at differing positions, defining own views to the opposite.  Gradually in the sociology was formed an integrationists branch, that studied the integrity of the human I and his personal self-determination in microsocial environment. The term symbolic means that there is an emphasis on the sense which individuals put in their actions when they come into interactions with each other, and in this theory the society is considered from the standpoint of behavior of individuals involved in the interaction.  In other words, society can only be explained by considering the principles of human behavior, because only here can be found a significant symbol that defines the act of behavior.  Defining of a meaningful symbol takes place in the human consciousness, which is filled with meaning and knowledge from the outside world. General Principles Symbolic interactionism focuses on the analysis of the symbolic aspects of social interactions.  The basic principle of interactionism is that an individual perceives (estimates) behave in accordance with attitudes of other people, that is, a person is for himself the one, whom he presents to others in the social world.  Symbolic interactionists are united by not a rigorous theory, but a common vision of social process, defined as a process of development and changing social values, a constant definition and redefinition of situations, the interaction of their participants.  In the process of this redefinition is changing the objective (from the view points of interacting individuals)of the medium of social activities, because the world, according to interactionists, has a completely social origin. Different groups develop different worlds, which change in the process of changing the values in the course of social interaction. Symbolic interactionism is based on three basic premises: First that people react to the environment based on those values symbols, that they have in the environment. Second, these values (means of connection of events and characters) are the product of the social everyday interpersonal relations interactions. And finally, the socio-cultural values are subject to change as a result of individual perception within such interactions. (West, 2010) That is why   I and others form a unified whole, like society, which is the sum of the behaviors of its constituent members, but which imposes social restrictions on individual behavior.  Although theoretically it is possible to separate I from the society, interactionism comes from the fact that the first understanding is connected with an equally deep understanding of the second in terms of their interdependent relationship. Representatives of symbolic interactionism emphasizes that people are social creatures.  However, unlike ants, bees, termites and other insects leading a public life, people almost do not have the innate models of behaviors, that connect them with each other.  If we have essentially no inherent nature of the mechanisms of social behavior, how can society be?  Representatives of symbolic interactionism find the answer in the ability of people to communicate through symbols. (West, 2010) In the theory of symbolic interactionism a sign is any element of the medium, which is another element in this environment.  The signs are of two types: firstly, it is natural signs (such as discoloration of leaves), which represent something else (like the arrival of autumn); second are artificial signs, elements that were created (such as a flag) to represent something else in the social world, for example, patriotism and duty.  These artificial signs are only effective if people agree on their meaning, so that  they are interactive: two or more people must agree to continue to react to this sign in relatively constant manner. It is also necessary to distinguish signals from symbols: signals are artificial marks, providing a predictable reaction (such as traffic signals); and symbols are artificial marks that have no definite reactions (a flag).  Thus, the signals are used for regulatory policy of normative behavior in the society, and symbols are used to facilitate communicative behavior. Historical development of the Theory As a broad theory, symbolic interactionism appeared in the 20-s of XX century, in the Chicago school, its founder was an American sociologist George Mead.   George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is an American sociologist and social psychologist, who is considered a true founder of symbolic interactionism.  Mead was known in his lifetime as a gifted lecturer, and author of numerous articles, publication and republication of his lectures and articles, as well as the fundamental work Mind, Self and Society (1934) brought him international fame.  He has developed a theory that explains the essence of the individuals perception of other individuals, and developed the concept of generalized other that is to some extent complementary to the theory of specular I.   In accordance with the concept of I, Mead believed that the emergence of human self as a holistic mental phenomena, in essence, is nothing else but social process inside the individual, in which he first pointed by I conscious and  I-like-object.  Further, Mead suggested that through the assimilation of culture (as a complex set of characters that share common values for all members of society,) the person is able to predict the behavior of another person and how this other person is predicting own behavior. According to Mead, I-as-object is something that people can call their own.  In this area, James identifies four components and arranges them in order of importance: the spiritual self, material self, social self and physical self. Another American philosopher and psychologist, who first began to develop a responsive self-concept was William James (1842-1910). James has made the first and very profound concept of personal I, considered in the context of self-knowledge, and he conjectured that the dual nature of the integral I, with many of his statements concerning the descriptive, and emotional evaluation of categorical I, anticipated the later developments of the idea of I-concept. (Meltzer 1975) As for other concepts of symbolic interactionism, we can name an American sociologist and social psychologist Herbert Blumer, who was a representative of the Chicago school of interactionism, referring to the second generation of symbolic interactionism, founded by J. Mead.  He further developed the original framework of symbolic interactionism. Bloomer was the first who interested in the problem of mass society. According to Blumer Symbolic interactionism rests on three basic premises: People are more likely to act according to the values that they attach to objects and events, rather than just react to external stimuli, such as social forces.  Symbolic interactionism suggests determinism of values. Values are not just fixed and formulated in advance, but more often are created and change in interactive situations. Values are the result of interpretations that took place in interactive contexts. (Nelson 1998) Significant attention in his works Blumer paid to collective behavior of people. Basis of collective behavior are common values, expectations, which are separated by a group of individuals.  However, it often can be observed a spontaneous collective behavior, like overflowing passion, panic, etc.  This behavior occurs in violation of established values, habitual forms of existence. Blumer distinguishes those forms of spontaneous behavior (such as Pounding, Collective excitation, Social  Infection), which under certain conditions can lead to new forms of group and institutional behavior: Acting crowd (a spontaneously formed group, without common values and expectations, there is no recognized leadership) Expressive crowd (emotional groups carnivals, ritual dance) Mass crowd (spontaneous collective grouping of people who are excited with some event) Public (spontaneous collective group, but in public individuals interact with each other, demonstrate the rational, critical action). (Nelson 1998) Although Mead has first formulated his ideas in 1930, symbolic interactionism has become an important part of the study equations of mass communication only in 1970, 1980.  Since Meade made emphasis on interpersonal interaction and not interested in media, it is not surprising that theorists of mass communication rather slow realized the relevance of his ideas in their research. Symbolic interactionism as the direction is not uniform, as it is possible to distinguish at least two schools.  The first is the so-called Chicago School led by one of the prominent scientists Cove J., Mead H., Bloomer.  This school continues to socio-psychological tradition of Mead in the most orthodox way.  It is opposed to the another Iowa school of symbolic interaction-mechanism, headed by M. Kuhn professor at the University of Iowa. This school is trying to modify several individual Meads concepts in the spirit of neo-positivism.  The main difference between these schools are in methodological issues, primarily in the definition of concepts and relationships to various methods of socio-psycho-logical investigation.   Among other representatives of the theory we can name Becker and Strauss members of the Chicago School of symbolic interactionism, who were interested in the procedural aspects of interaction.  Kuhn and Partlend are representatives of Iowa schools, and were more interested in stable symbolic structures.  To this generation also belongs K. Burke and Goffman, who explained social life as the realization of the metaphor of drama by analyzing the interaction in such terms as actor, mask, scene, script and so  on.  Moreover, Burke used the term theater, almost literally, while Hoffman was using theater and drama as metaspheres of society while preserving its spirit, but developing its own conceptual line. The modern theory of symbolic interactionism, as a direct expression of concepts of J. Mead, has practically the same advantages, shortcomings and contradictions of the J. Mead concept.  On the one hand, it is important to point interactionists effort to isolate the specific human traits in human behavior, the view on the individual as a social phenomenon, to find a socio-psychological mechanisms of identity formation in interaction with others in society, to stress active creative  personal traits of the individual.   However, the subjective idealist position of interactionists lead to the fact that all the social connections they see only in interpersonal communication, and while the analysis of communication they ignore the contents and the substantive work of individuals, not seeing that the process of formation of the personality includes not only the exchange of views, but more importantly, the exchange of activities. (Reynolds 1993) theory importance and Application The advantage of this approach is that it introduces people in the field of sociological research.  It directs attention to the activities of individuals in their daily lives and sees that people are not robots, mechanically carrying out the requirements of social rules and institutional norms, but leading the public life of beings with the ability to feel and think.  In the interaction they operate with symbols and values which enable them to evaluate and interpret situations of social life, assess the advantages and disadvantages of certain actions and then choose one of them. Thus, representatives of symbolic interactionism suggest the image of man as an individual, actively forming his behavior, rather than passively reacting to external environment and structural constraints. However, the approach of symbolic interactionism has its weaknesses.  In everyday life people do not have complete freedom in forming and changing their actions.  Although representatives of symbolic interactionism recognize that many human actions are guided by the established systems of symbols and meanings, including culture and social system.  Critics argue that the theory of social interaction based on the symbols makes an excessive emphasis on short-term situations and exaggerates attention to transient, episodic and temporary. (Reynolds 1993) Thus, the theory is applied to describe and analyze human behavior, as through the process of socialization people can more or less consciously interpret stimuli and expected responses. Conclusion From the perspective of interactionists, human society is composed of individuals with personal I, who themselves form norms and values. Individual action is a construction, not just a commission, as it is carried by the individual using the estimation and interpretation of the situation in the social environment.  Personal I am can serve as a persons target for his actions.  Formation of values is presented as a set of actions in which the individual sees the object, gives it value, and decides to act on this matter.  Interpretation of the actions of another is a definition of the value of certain actions of others.  From the perspective of interactionists, an object is not just external stimulus, but something that distinguishes man from the outside world, giving him certain value.   This theory explains how individuals interact with the environment and how behave in the process of socialization.

Should Drugs Be Allowed In Sports? :: essays research papers

Drugs have been around for thousands of years but their reasons for being used has changed. Drugs were originally intended for medical uses. In ancient Egypt, physicians prescribed tannic acid to treat burns. The early Chinese and Greek pharmacies included opium used as a pain- killer, while Hindus used cannabis and henbane plants as an esthetic. With the advances in technology drugs have become more helpful yet more deadly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since drugs have become easier to get they have also become more popular with young people and competitors in sports. During the mid-nineteenth new drugs emerged from the laboratories athletes started to be experimented on. The French tried using caffeine to enhance their performances. While other Europeans were mixing cocaine and heroin to give them extra energy they called this drug â€Å"speedball†. In 1886 this deadly mix contributed to the first drug related death in sports by taking the life of a cross-country cyclist. Today the drugs have changed dramatically many athletes have done or are on anabolic steroids, amphetamines, depressants or what are known as â€Å" brake drugs†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anabolic steroids are chemicals that are similar to testosterone, the male sex hormone. Steroids are used by a number or young people to enhance their muscle mass and increase their performances. While anabolic steroids are successful at building muscle, they can damage many human body organs, such as the heart, kidneys and liver. Steroids are taken by injection or in pill form, after steroids enter the bloodstream; they are distributed to organs and muscle throughout the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forty-eight percent of high school students use steroids to improve athletic performance. Steroids can increase performances for athletes but steroids also affect the mind and character of the person. Some effects of steroids are impaired learning and hearing, violent behavior, and overly aggressive behavior. When women take steroids they start to show signs of masculinity such as deepening of the voice, increase in body and facial hair also the skin starts to roughen. Anabolic steroids give the one who takes them an unfair advantage in athletic competition. The advantage that they receive is not the same as natural born characteristics of ability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another drug that some professional athletes seem to have an obsession with is cocaine. Cocaine was considered to be the drug of the eighties and it proved to be especially in the sport of baseball. During the 1980’s cocaine seemed to be the drug of baseball.

Anabolic Steroids Essay -- essays research papers

Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids are synthetic coumpounds formulated to be like the male sex hormone testosterone. Many athletes use anabolic steroids male and female alike, such as body builders , weightlifters, baseball players, football players, swimmers, and runners. They do so because they mistakenly believe that they will gain strength and size. In a male testosterone is released by the leydig cells in the testes. The testosterone has two main functions androgenic and anabolic. Androgenic is the development of male sex characteristics. Anabolic is the development of muscle tissue. To treat patients who suffer from a natural lack of testosterone pharmacoligists alter one form of testosterone slightly, increasing th length of time the drug is active. Testosterone was first isolated in 1935, soon forms of testosterone such as dianabol, durabolin, deca-durabolin, and winstrol were produced. One of the main effects of anabolic steroids is to increase the number of red blood cells and muscle tissue without producing much of the androgenic effects of testosterone. There are only four legal uses for steroids treatment for certain forms of cancer, pituatary dwarfism, and serious hormone disturbances. There are two forms of anabolic steroids those taken orally and those injected. The immediate effects of both are mood swings of many different kinds. In one study, physicians Ian Wilson, Arthur Prang, Jr., and Patricio Lara found that four out of five men suffering from dippresion when given a steroid suffered from dillusions. A research team from Great Britian Found that a patient given steroids became dizzy, dissoriented, and incoherent. Physicians William Layman and William Annitto have had a case of a young man who was diagnosed as schizophrenic took steriods to help with his wieghtlifting. After taking these drugs he suffered severe deppresion and anxiety and had trouble sleeping. Most people who use steroids do not have side affects this severe. Steroids make changes in the electroencephalogram (an image of brain ellectrical activity). Researchers believe that these changes are responsible for some of the behavior changes in users of steroids like increased hostility and... ... I read from the researchers that anabolic steroids show few if any effects at all and I read from athletes that there is a very large effect on muscle gain and endurance. I came across only one book though that addressed this issue between researchers and atheletes. The book sayed that The American College of Sports Medicine stated a report on the use and abuse of anabolic steroids. It stated that for many people any benefits of anabolic steroids are small and not worth the health risk. Yet almost all the athletes who use anabolic steroids feel that the steroids had a great effect and that they would not have been successful without them. The big gap between researchers and athletes has caused a big contraversy athletes say one thing and researchers say another. The researchers have found a reason that maybe is the cause that anabolic steroid users see efects that researchers say are not possible they call it the "placebo effect". The placebo effect works by the power of suggestion athletes believe that the steroids will improve there performance so they do. The placebo effect is real the performance is improved and the gains are not imagi

Report on Importance of Communication in Tourism Industry

TOURISM AS COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN TOURISM Ms. Neena Gupta V. Research Scholar, Dept. of  Ã‚  English , Univ. Of Jammu, Jammu-180006 Email:  [email  protected] com Phone: 9796491314 Introduction Tourism is one of the most remarkable success stories of modern times. The industry, which only began on a massive scale in the 1960’s, has grown rapidly and steadily for the past 30 years in terms of the income it generates and the number of people who travel abroad. Tourism is the largest service – sector in India. Tourism contributes 6. 23% to the national GDP Tourism generates 8. 8% of the total employment in India . India is to be a Tourism hotspot from 2009 to 2011. (This data is available on Indian Tourism Website). It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and will continue to grow at a rapid pace of almost 4% a year in the 21st  century. According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization) forecasts, more than 700 million people will be travelling internationally by the year 2000, generating more than US $620 billion earning. But what is Tourism? It is important to understand Tourism as a concept as well as a phenomenon .It is not enough to treat Tourism as an industry and keep conducting research to increase profits. This industry is marketing aspects of a country or a region for profit. This implies that one invites visitors to access a part of one’s home or neighbourhood. This cannot be dismissed as mere business. Tourism, therefore, is an extremely complex endeavour. Not only are huge amount of money at stake, it is in addition providing economic incentives for protecting the natural environment, restoring cultural monuments, and preserving nature.In a small but important way, Tourism is contributing to the understanding among peoples of very different backgrounds. But above all, it performs the business of providing a break from stress of routine and fulfilling dreams of leisure travelling. Concept O f Tourism The dictionary  defines tourism as’travelling for pleasure’; and a tourist as ‘one who travels for pleasure. ’  Ã‚  Some definitions attempt to define Tourism in conceptual terms. These provide a theoretical framework in order to indentify the essential characteristics of tourism and what distinguishes it from similar, sometimes related, but different activities.Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in these destinations and the facilities created to cater to their needs. Thus Tourism cannot  be treated like any other industry. The  Twentieth century changed the world forever. Technological advances translated into rapid strides in development in all fields—economic, political, social, arts and culture. Travelling, for profit or pleasure, came out of its exclusivity and became more routine.In the feudal world only th e Aristocracy would embark on a ‘Grand Tour’ of the ‘Continent’ or a ‘Voyage’ around the world. A more equal and prosperous population led the world towards this complex phenomenon we call Tourism. In  Ã‚  its simplest form it is travel to new lands; the experience of the exotic in the unfamiliar; an attempt to educate ones’ self  Ã‚  or simply immerse ones’ self in the joys of travel. The space of a hundred years between the twentieth century and the twenty-first has changed tourism from travel to a form of social activity.Rapid strides in knowledge about different, and little known parts of the world and their cultures has revolutionized the concept of tourism. The conceptual framework of human ‘Thought’ has undergone several transformations and the new world is an amalgam of a considerable number of worlds formed out of disparate ‘thoughts’. Right from the onset of the last century the world has be en searched and researched as a set of separate but related structures.The smug and complacent divisions of nation, religion and God; of the earth and its resources; of the space surrounding humans broke down in an acknowledgement that all these are a common heritage of all. Intellectual movements that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s analysed human culture  semiotically. They are concerned with the analysis of  language,  culture, and  society. The structuralist mode of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields, including  anthropology,  sociology,  psychology,  literary-criticism  and  architecture.Post-structuralism emphasizes the ways in which different aspects of a cultural order, from its most banal material details to its most abstract theoretical exponents, determine one another. These philosophies  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  include many, widely varying disciplines into a synthetic view of knowledge and its relationship to experience, the body , society and economy – a synthesis in which these are a part. Social theorists such as  anthropologist  and  ethnographer  Claude Levi-Strauss,  Marshall Sahlins,  James Boon  and  Pierre Bourdieu  have analysed human culture and society as a system of structures that need to be studied and analysed.The Postmodern philosophy and other related philosophies  such as a structural and scientific approach to all human activities like marriage, cultural values, religious beliefs, social conventions, art and traditions of peoples of the world  is a movement away from the viewpoint of  modernism. More specifically it is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the problem of  objective truth  and inherent suspicion towards  global cultural narrative or meta-narrative.It involves the belief that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs, as they are subject to change inherent to time and place. It emphasizes the role of l anguage, power relations, and motivations; in particular it attacks the use of sharp classifications that are absolute and rigid, rather, it holds realities to be plural and relative, and dependent on who the interested parties are and what their interests consist in. With so much thought being generated in a cross-cultural, globalised scene, the concept of tourism has become a many-layered complex of meanings.Tourism has become the subject of much research. In  Global Tourism,  Davidson contends that tourism is not an industry at all. Tourism should not be viewed as a product activity or product but as a social phenomenon, an experience or a process. Recent research on tourism postulates that there are three approaches in defining Tourism—technical, economical and holistic. The first attempts to collect data by identifying tourists; the second treats Tourism as a business and industry. Holistic approach or definition attempts to include the entire essence of the subject. GMS Dann treats Tourism as a sociological process, an art of promotion, with a discourse of its own. The language of Tourism has its own essence. Tourism as Communication The social aspect of tourism enhances its value as a communicative process because  Tourism is an industry with a difference. There is an undeniable exchange between places and people. This exchange is what is meant by communication. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines.Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the different parameters of human symbolic interaction. Communication  is the activity of conveying  Ã‚  information. Communication  requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. Thus, communication is a two- way process. The interaction of the tourist with the places he visits and the people he meets is therefore, a form of communication in which both the visitor and the visited form a communication cycle. A considerable amount of weightage is given to the power of impressions on the mind of a person living in the twenty-first century.One of the most important aspects of Tourism is the communication of the impressions created in the minds of tourists. These include non-verbal aspects — sights and sounds communicate a general impression– and the verbal aspect of communication– language p lays an important role in creating impressions. In the field of Tourism, communication, both non-verbal and verbal, can play a vital role in the promotion and profitability of this socio-economic process. THE  Ã‚  LANGUAGE OF TOURISM The third part of the paper deals with the language of tourism and its relevance to tourism in India.The International standard for Travel and Tourism, as recommended by the Ottawa Conference and adopted by UN  Ã‚  Statistical  Ã‚  Committee , proposed  Ã‚  leisure, recreation and holidays; visiting friends and relatives; business and professional; health treatment; religion/ pilgrimage; historical; other (transit etc. ),as tourist activities. The Global Tourist in India seeks  novelty, history,  knowledge, retreat, shopping,  medical expertise, and the endless variety of Indian culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every field has its language—the language of music, of art†¦so does Tourism.The language of Tourism, however, comprises of the non- verbal and verbal aspects of Tourism. Non- Verbal Communication And Tourism Nonverbal communication  describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages such as  Ã‚  gesture,  body language  or  posture;  facial expression  and eye contact; object communication such as  clothing,  hairstyles,  architecture,  symbols  and  infographics, as well as through an aggregate of the above. Non-verbal communication is also called silent language and plays a key role in human day to day life from habits to etiquettes to civic sense and moral attitude.Visual communication  is the conveyance of ideas and information through creation of visual representations. Primarily associated with  two dimensional  images, it includes:  signs,  typography,  drawing,  graphic design,  illustration, colours, and electronic resources, video and TV. Canadian media scholar  Harold Innis  had the theory that people use different typ es of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society.His famous example of this is using  ancient Egypt  and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called ‘Space Binding'. It made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and ‘Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids that  Ã‚  can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society.This is an instance of Historical Tourism as well as visual and non-verbal communication. There are several examples of non-verbal and visual signs in the context of Tourism. These include historical monuments, places of interest, scenery, national par ks, rivers, forests etc. Indian Tourism offers an endless variety in all these. But our historical edifices silently communicate our inability to treasure our  controversial history, and our indifference towards the proud preservation of our cultural heritage, through the defacement of our historical structures by both, the public and the government.Keeping these points in mind one only has to  Ã‚  look around oneself to see what kind of non-verbal language we are using to woo our Tourist—filth on roads, dirty toilets, rape of foreign tourists, over-pricing of souvenirs, cheating, shabby treatment of women and the elderly, throwing water over balconies, or garbage in the handiest corner,†¦ the list of the  Ã‚  non-verbal images India communicates to the world through the tourists is not always what one wishes to project or convey. First we have to improve our non- verbal and visual signals; then our verbal skills.The sensitive advertisements made by` Incredible Ind ia’ are a very good step in this direction. The ‘DevoAtithiBhavo’ campaign is trying to sensitise the Indian public to view their actions and understand how they can appear to the outsiders or to Tourists. Verbal communication  is related to words and does not synonym for verbal or spoken message. Therefore, vocal voices that are not words, such as a mumble, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are normally known as verbal communication.Nonverbal communication can be done by any  sensory  channel like with the help of sight, hear, smell, feel or taste. The forms of  verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. Verbal aspects of language are  Visible or Written and Audible or Spoken,  Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as  paralanguage. These include voice quality, emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such as  rhythm,  intonation  and  stress. Likewise, written t exts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of  emoticons  to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.Oral communication,  while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies on words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning. Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication and many other varieties. In face to face communication the  body language  and voice tonality plays a significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than the intended content of the spoken words. Spoken Language contains elements like  audibility  and  comprehensibility.Comprehensibility lies in the correct  modulation,  accent,  intonation,  vocabulary,  grammar. Visible verbal Language  refers to  bill boards,  sign boards,  pamphlets/leaflets,  menus in restaurants,  magazines, books—t ourist guide-books, literary books†¦Here also bad printing, wrong spelling and shoddily translated works convey to Tourists the impression of a badly educated and unaware India. Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process enables  collaboration  and  cooperation.Language is the most natural link between humans today. The variety of languages in the world makes verbal communication a challenge. The development of English, Spanish and Chinese as the language of a major segment of the global population is a healthy development. A common, communicative language is required to enhance tourism Verbal Language and Indian Culture. There are many Indias within India. Linguistic identity is an integral part of Indian-ness and culture. Indian history, literature, science, medicine, religion and spiritual knowledge is a priceless heritage preserved in hundreds of languages.Language  in India is a many-splendoured thing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  there are several classes of  Indian languages– classical, regional,  dialect,  Ã‚  official,national. Since communication requires adeptness in language—both, national and international, Indian Tourism must pay attention to the socio-cultural-lingual aspect of India. Just as one pays attention to the non- verbal communication that Indians may convey to Tourists, it is important to ensure that the verbal communication of India and its public is impressive and Tourist-friendly.The language of any country or region is an indicator of the nature and complexity of its culture. The official languages of the country as well as of the states must be communicated to the Tourist in a befitting manner. This means that English and Hindi, and regional languages must be promoted and encouraged. This sounds simple but is a very tricky issue. With the emphasis on science and professional  subjects, language studies has been neglectedâ €”students and universities, both have let  Ã‚  the standard of language slide.Consequently, English, while preferred by the majority of young Indians, remains a difficult language to master, and native languages suffer due to indifference and the contempt of the familiar. Moreover, these languages do not seem to offer any avenues of advancement, as there are not many profitable careers in regional or rural languages. The Tourism sector can benefit enormously, at the same time it can revive  Ã‚  interest  Ã‚  in learning languages among the youth. It can, and should work towards raising the standard of language in the Tourism sector.It can do this in two major ways. First, it must engage persons with good language ability— in English, Hindi along with one or more regional languages. Second, it must invest time and money in Training. Language Training  in India is multi faceted—and involves the consideration of two vital issues–Indian Languages and In dian Heritage. The language Users—employees at  information desks, reception centers,  booking centres should have a high level of communication skills.The personnel working in the Tourist areas must be well-versed in the historical, geographical. cultural and socio-economic significance of the area they operate from. Tourist Guides  are a very visible face of tourism. A great presenter must capture the attention of the audience and connect with them. The audience or tourists should have a positive impact with his/her body language and tone of voice. Visual aid can help to facilitate effective communication and is almost always used in presentations for an audience.Here, the use of English, Hindi and of the local language is an important factor in making the experience a good means of communication between India and the Tourist. A widely cited and widely misinterpreted figure used to emphasize the importance of delivery states that â€Å"communication comprise 55% body language, 38% tone of voice, 7% content of words†, the so-called â€Å"7%-38%-55% rule†. This is not, however, what the cited research shows – rather, when conveying  emotion,  if body language, tone of voice, and words  disagree,  then body language and tone of voice will be believed more than words.A Guide who does not know the history and significance of the tourist item he is presenting would spoil the pleasure of the experience for the Tourist. If he knows and cannot communicate either due to poor communication skills or incomprehensible accent the whole exercise is rendered futile. Since the Guide represents, both, the tourism sector and the country and society of the visited, the poor performance of the Guide communicates a certain impression detrimental to the image of the country or state.At this point, an illustration of the use of Urdu in the Tourism of Jammu and Kashmir may add weight to the argument. If the personnel of the Tourist Departmen t have proficiency in English, Hindi, and Dogri, Urdu or Ladakhi, the temples of Jammu, the monuments of the Mughals and the eternal mountains of Ladakh would come alive for any Tourist and remind him forever of the richness, big-heartedness and timelessness of India. On the other hand, ignorant, and bad speakers may create the impression that a once great people have become an apology of a nation.Recommendations for making tourism more successful:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make non-verbal signs of communication strong, correct and positive in their impact. People associated with the tourism industry must understand the vital role of language. Language is one of the most important tools in their work -kit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attitude of the industry towards the language-ability of their policy-makers, executives and field-level workers should not be indifferent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training in Languages must be stringent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Special hubs must be created for teaching language skill ConclusionLanguage is a vital indicator of the level of any civilization. The level of the proficiency in language highlights culture of the people. Skill in the local, regional, national and an international language is the Brahamastra that will provide the cutting edge to successful Tourism SELECT  Ã‚  BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Burkart, AJ and Medlik, S. Tourism: Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann, 1974. 2. Conrady, Roland and Buck, Martin, ed. Trends and Issues in Global Tourism . Berlin: Springer, c2008. 3. Dann, Graham M. S. Global Tourism. New York: CABI Pub. , 2008. 4.Dann, Graham M. S. The Language of Tourist: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CABI Pub. , 1996 5. Dann, Graham M. S. Tourist as a Metaphor of the Social World. New York: CABI Pub. , 2002 6. Leed, J. Eric. The Mind of the Traveler: From Gilgamesh to Global Tourism. NY: Basic Books, 1991. 7 . Meethan, Kevin. Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, Consumption. New York: Palgrave, 2001 8. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008